public/subjects/ai/pipeline

Pipeline

Today we will focus on the data preprocessing and discover the Pipeline object from scikit learn.

1. Manage categorical variables with Integer encoding and One Hot Encoding
2. Impute the missing values
3. Reduce the dimension of the data
4. Scale the data

• The step 1 is always necessary. Models use numbers, for instance string data can't be processed raw.
• The steps 2 is always necessary. Machine learning models use numbers, missing values do not have mathematical representations, that is why the missing values have to be imputed.
• The step 3 is required when the dimension of the data set is high. The dimension reduction algorithms reduce the dimensionality of the data either by selecting the variables that contain most of the information (SelectKBest) or by transforming the data. Depending on the signal in the data and the data set size the dimension reduction is not always required. This step is not covered because of its complexity. The understanding of the theory behind is important. However, I suggest to give it a try during the projects.
• The step 4 is required when using some type of Machine Learning algorithms. The Machine Learning algorithms that require the feature scaling are mostly KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors), Neural Networks, Linear Regression, and Logistic Regression. The reason why some algorithms work better with feature scaling is that the minimization of the loss function may be more difficult if each feature's range is completely different.

These steps are sequential. The output of step 1 is used as input for step 2 and so on; and, the output of step 4 is used as input for the Machine Learning model. Scikitlearn proposes an object: Pipeline.

As we know, the model evaluation methodology requires splitting the data set in a train set and test set. The preprocessing is learned/fitted on the training set and applied on the test set.

This object takes as input the preprocessing transforms and a Machine Learning model. Then this object can be called the same way a Machine Learning model is called. This is pretty practical because we do not need anymore to carry many objects.

Exercises of the day

• Exercise 0: Environment and libraries
• Exercise 1: Imputer 1
• Exercise 2: Scaler
• Exercise 3: One hot Encoder
• Exercise 4: Ordinal Encoder
• Exercise 5: Categorical variables
• Exercise 6: Pipeline

Virtual Environment

• Python 3.x
• NumPy
• Pandas
• Matplotlib
• Scikit Learn
• Jupyter or JupyterLab

Version of Scikit Learn I used to do the exercises: 0.22. I suggest using the most recent one. Scikit Learn 1.0 is finally available after ... 14 years.

Resources

Step 3

• https://towardsdatascience.com/dimensionality-reduction-for-machine-learning-80a46c2ebb7e

Step 4

• https://medium.com/@societyofai/simplest-way-for-feature-scaling-in-gradient-descent-ae0aaa383039#:~:text=Feature%20scaling%20is%20an%20idea,of%20convergence%20of%20gradient%20descent.

Pipeline

• https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline.html

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Exercise 0: Environment and libraries

The goal of this exercise is to set up the Python work environment with the required libraries.

Note: For each quest, your first exercise will be to set up the virtual environment with the required libraries.

I recommend to use:

• the last stable versions of Python.
• the virtual environment you're the most comfortable with. virtualenv and conda are the most used in Data Science.
• one of the most recent versions of the libraries required

1. Create a virtual environment named ex00, with a version of Python >= 3.8, with the following libraries: pandas, numpy, jupyter, matplotlib and scikit-learn.

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Exercise 1: Imputer 1

The goal of this exercise is to learn how to use an Imputer to fill missing values on basic example.

train_data = [[7, 6, 5],
              [4, np.nan, 5],
              [1, 20, 8]]

1. Fit the SimpleImputer on the data. Print the statistics_. Check that the statistics match np.nanmean(train_data, axis=0).

2. Fill the missing values in train_data using the fitted imputer and transform.

3. Fill the missing values in test_data using the fitted imputer and transform.

test_data = [[np.nan, 1, 2],
             [7, np.nan, 9],
             [np.nan, 2, 4]]

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Exercise 2: Scaler

The goal of this exercise is to learn to scale a data set. There are various scaling techniques, we will focus on StandardScaler from scikit learn.

We will use a tiny data set for this exercise that we will generate by ourselves:

X_train = np.array([[ 1., -1.,  2.],
                     [ 2.,  0.,  0.],
                     [ 0.,  1., -1.]])

1. Fit the StandardScaler on the data and scale X_train using fit_transform. Compute the mean and std on axis 0.

2. Scale the test set using the StandardScaler fitted on the train set.

X_test = np.array([[ 2., -1.,  1.],
                     [ 3.,  3.,  -1.],
                     [ 1.,  1., 1.]])

WARNING: If the data is split in train and test set, it is extremely important to apply the same scaling the test data. As the model is trained on scaled data, if it takes as input unscaled data, it returns incorrect values.

Resources:

• https://medium.com/technofunnel/what-when-why-feature-scaling-for-machine-learning-standard-minmax-scaler-49e64c510422

• https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/preprocessing.html

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Exercise 3: One hot Encoder

The goal of this exercise is to learn how to deal with Categorical variables using the OneHot Encoder.

X_train = [['Python'], ['Java'], ['Java'], ['C++']]

1. Using OneHotEncoder with handle_unknown='ignore', fit the One Hot Encoder and transform X_train. The expected output is:

   	('C++',)	('Java',)	('Python',)
   0	0	0	1
   1	0	1	0
   2	0	1	0
   3	1	0	0

   To get this output create a DataFrame from the transformed X*train and the attribute categories*.

2. Transform X_test using the fitted One Hot Encoder on the train set.

X_test = [['Python'], ['Java'], ['C'], ['C++']]

The expected output is:

|    |   ('C++',) |   ('Java',) |   ('Python',) |
|---:|-----------:|------------:|--------------:|
|  0 |          0 |           0 |             1 |
|  1 |          0 |           1 |             0 |
|  2 |          0 |           0 |             0 |
|  3 |          1 |           0 |             0 |

• https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.OneHotEncoder.html

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Exercise 4: Ordinal Encoder

The goal of this exercise is to learn how to deal with Categorical variables using the Ordinal Encoder.

In that case, we want the model to consider that: good > neutral > bad

X_train = [['good'], ['bad'], ['neutral']]

1. Fit the OrdinalEncoder by specifying the categories in the following order: categories=[['bad', 'neutral', 'good']]. Transform the train set. Print the categories_

2. Transform the X_test using the fitted Ordinal Encoder on train set.

X_test = [['good'], ['good'], ['bad']]

Note: In the version 0.22 of Scikit-learn, the Ordinal Encoder doesn't handle new values in the test set. But it will be possible in the version 0.24 !

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Exercise 5: Categorical variables

The goal of this exercise is to learn how to deal with Categorical variables with Ordinal Encoder, Label Encoder and One Hot Encoder. For this exercise I strongly suggest using a recent version of sklearn >= 0.24.1 to avoid issues with the Ordinal Encoder.

Preliminary:

• Load the breast-cancer.csv file
• Drop Class column
• Drop NaN values
• Split the data in a train set and test set (test set size = 20% of the total size) with random_state=43.

1. Count the number of unique values per feature in the train set.

2. Identify the variables ordinal variables, nominal variables and the target. Compute a One Hot Encoder transformation on the test set for all categorical features (no ordinal) in the following order ['node-caps' , 'breast', 'breast-quad', 'irradiat']. Here are the assumptions made on the variables:

age: Ordinal
['90-99' > '80-89' > '70-79' > '60-69' > '50-59' > '40-49' > '30-39' > '20-29' > '10-19']

menopause: Ordinal
['ge40'> 'premeno' >'lt40']

tumor-size: Ordinal
['55-59' > '50-54' > '45-49' > '40-44' > '35-39' > '30-34' > '25-29' > '20-24' > '15-19' > '10-14' > '5-9' > '0-4']

inv-nodes: Ordinal
['36-39' > '33-35' > '30-32' > '27-29' > '24-26' > '21-23' > '18-20' > '15-17' > '12-14' > '9-11' > '6-8' > '3-5' > '0-2']

node-caps: One Hot
['yes' 'no']

deg-malig: Ordinal
[3 > 2 > 1]

breast: One Hot
['left' 'right']

breast-quad: One Hot
['right_low' 'left_low' 'left_up' 'central' 'right_up']

irradiat: One Hot
['yes' 'no']

Class: Target (One Hot)
['recurrence-events' 'no-recurrence-events']

• Fit on the train set

• Transform the test set

Example of expected output:

# One Hot encoder on: ['node-caps' , 'breast', 'breast-quad', 'irradiat']

input: ohe.transform(X_test[ohe_cols])[:10]
output:
array([[1., 0., 1., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0.],
       [1., 0., 1., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0.],
       [0., 1., 1., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1.],
       [0., 1., 1., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1.],
       [1., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 1., 0.],
       [1., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0.],
       [1., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 1., 0.],
       [1., 0., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0.],
       [1., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 1.],
       [1., 0., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0.]])

input: ohe.get_feature_names_out(ohe_cols)
output:
array(['node-caps_no', 'node-caps_yes', 'breast_left', 'breast_right',
       'breast-quad_central', 'breast-quad_left_low',
       'breast-quad_left_up', 'breast-quad_right_low',
       'breast-quad_right_up', 'irradiat_no', 'irradiat_yes'],
      dtype=object)

3. Create one Ordinal encoder for all Ordinal features in the following order ["menopause", "age", "tumor-size","inv-nodes", "deg-malig"] on the test set. The documentation of Scikit-learn is not clear on how to perform this on many columns at the same time. Here's a hint:

If the ordinal data set is (subset of two columns, but I keep all rows for this example):

|    | menopause     |   deg-malig |
|---:|:--------------|------------:|
|  0 | premeno       |           3 |
|  1 | ge40          |           1 |
|  2 | ge40          |           2 |
|  3 | premeno       |           3 |
|  4 | premeno       |           2 |

The first step is to create a dictionary or a list - the most recent version of sklearn take as input lists:

dict_ = {0: ['lt40', 'premeno' , 'ge40'], 1:[1,2,3]}

Then to instantiate an OrdinalEncoder:

oe = OrdinalEncoder(dict_)

Now that you have enough information:

• Fit on the train set
• Transform the test set

4. Use a make_column_transformer to combine the two Encoders.

• Fit on the train set
• Transform the test set

Hint: Check the first resource

Note: The version 0.22 of Scikit-learn can't handle get_feature_names on OrdinalEncoder. If the column transformer contains an OrdinalEncoder, the method returns this error:

AttributeError: Transformer ordinalencoder (type OrdinalEncoder) does not provide get_feature_names.

It means that if you want to use the Ordinal Encoder, you will have to create a variable that contains the columns name in the right order. This step is not required in that exercise

Resources:

• https://towardsdatascience.com/guide-to-encoding-categorical-features-using-scikit-learn-for-machine-learning-5048997a5c79

• https://machinelearningmastery.com/one-hot-encoding-for-categorical-data/

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Exercise 6: Pipeline

The goal of this exercise is to learn to use the Scikit-learn object: Pipeline. The data set: used for this exercise is the iris data set.

Preliminary:

• Run the code below.

  iris = load_iris()
  X, y = iris['data'], iris['target']
  
  #add missing values
  X[[1,20,50,100,135], 0] = np.nan
  X[[2,5,88,135], 1] = np.nan
  X[[4,15], 2] = np.nan
  X[[40,135], 3] = np.nan
  

• Split the data set in a train set and test set (33%), fit the Pipeline on the train set and predict on the test set. Use random_state=43.

The pipeline you will implement has to contain 3 steps:

• Imputer (median)
• Standard Scaler
• LogisticRegression

1. Train the pipeline on the train set and predict on the test set. Give the score of the model on the test set.

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